|
Bending, G. D. & Read, D. J. (1996) Nitrogen mobilization
from protein-polyphenol complex by ericoid and ectomycorrhizal
fungi, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 28, 1603-1612.
Bruns, T.D., Szaro, T.M., Gardes,
M., Cullings, K.W., Pan, J.J., Taylor, D.L., Horton, T.R.,
Kretzer, A., Garbelotto, M. & Liss, Y. (1998) A sequence
database for the identification of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes
by phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Ecology, 1998, 257-272.
Chapin, F. S. (1995) Ecology - new cog in the nitrogen-cycle,
Nature, 377, 199-200.
Day, K.R. and Leather, S.R. (1997). Threats to forestry
by insect pests in Europe. pp. 177-205 In: A.D. Watt, N.E.
Stork and M.D. Hunter (Eds). Forests and Insects. Chapman
and Hall, London,.
Dennis, P., Usher, G. B. & Watt, A. D. (1995) Lowland
woodland structure and pattern and the distribution of arboreal,
phytophagous arthropods. Biodiversity and Conservation, 4,
728-744.
Dennis, P. (1997). Impact of forest and woodland structure
on insect abundance and diversity. pp. 321-340 In: A.D. Watt,
N.E. Stork and M.D. Hunter (Eds). Forests and Insects. Chapman
and Hall, London.
Duncan,A.J., Hartley S.E. & Iason G.R. (1994) The
effect of monoterpene concentrations in Sitka spruce (Picea
sitchensis) on the browsing behaviour of red deer (Cervus
elaphus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1715-1720
Duncan, A.J., Hartley, S.E., Thurlow, M., Young, S. &
Staines, B.W. (2000) Clonal variation in monoterpene concentrations
in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) saplings and its effect
on their susceptibility to browsing damage by red deer (Cervus
elaphus). Forest ecology and management, in press.
Ennos, R.A., Worrell, R. & Malcolm, D.C. (1998)
The genetic management of native species in Scotland. Forestry,
71, 1-23.
Ennos, R.A., Sinclair, W.T., Hu, X.-S. & Langdon, A.
(1999) Using organelle markers to elucidate the history, ecology
and evolution of plant populations. In: Molecular systematics
and plant evolution (ed. Hollingsworth, P.M., Bateman, R.M.
& Gornall, R.J., Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 1-19.
Faeth, S.H., Connor, E.F. and Simberloff, D. (1981).
Early leaf abscission : a neglected source of mortality for
folivores. American Naturalist 117,409-415.
Foley, W.J., Iason G.R. & McArthur, C. (1999).
Role of plant secondary metabolites in the nutritional ecology
of mammalian herbivores. How far have we come in 25 years?
pp. 130-209. In: Nutritional Ecology of herbivores. Eds: H-J
G jung and G.C.Fahey. American society of Animal Science,
Savoy, IL, USA.
Frank D.A. & Groffman P.M.(1998) Ungulate vs. landscape
control of soil C and N processes in grasslands of Yellowstone
National Park. Ecology, 79, 2229-2241
Foreman, R.T.T. & Franklin J.F. (1987) Creating
landscape patterns by forest cutting; Ecological consequences
and principles. Landscape Ecology, 1, 5-18.
Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D (1993) ITS primers with
enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the
identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology,
2, 113-118.
Getis, A. and Ord, J.K. (1992). The analysis of spatial
association by use of distance statistics Geographical Analysis
24, 189-206.
Gill, R.M.A. (1992) A review of damage by mammals in
north temperate forests. 2. Small mammals. Forestry, 65, 281-308.
Hampson, A. (1999) A framework for forest development
in the Cairngorms. Scottish Natural Heritage Information and
Advisory Note 102. SNH, Battleby, Perth.
Harborne, J. (1991) The chemical basis of plant defense.
pp 45-59 In: Palo, R.T. & Robbins, C.T. (eds) Plant defenses
against mammalian herbivores. CRC press, Boca Raton.
Hartley, S.E., Jones, C.G., Couper, G.C. & Jones, T.H.
(2000) Biosynthesis of plant phenolic compounds in elevated
atmospheric CO2. Global change biology, 6, 497-506.
Hector, A. & Loreau, M (2001)
Heithaus, E.R. (1981) Seed predation by rodents on
three ant-dispersed plants. Ecology, 62, 136-145.
Heyworth, C., Iason,G.R., Temperton, V., Jarvis, P., &
Duncan, A.J. (1998) The effect of elevated CO2 concentration
and nutrient supply on carbon-based plant secondary metabolites
in Pinus Sylvestris. L. Oecologia, 115, 344-350.
Hollingsworth, P.M., Bateman, R.M. & Gornall, R.J.
eds (1999) Molecular systematics and plant evolution. London:
Taylor & Francis.
Hulme, P.E. (1998) Post-dispersal seed predation and seed
bank persistence. Seed Science Research, 8, 513-519.
Hunter, M. (1997). Incorporating variation in plant
chemistry into a spatially explicit ecology of phytophagous
insects. pp. 81-96 In: A.D. Watt, N.E. Stork and M.D. Hunter
(Eds). Forests and Insects. Chapman and Hall, London.
Iason, G.R., Duncan, A.J., Hartley, S.E. & Staines,
B.W. (1996) Feeding behaviour of red deer (Cervus elaphus)
on sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis): the role of carbon-nutrient
balance. Forest Ecology and Management. 88, 121-129..
Isaaks, E.H. and Srivastava, R.M. (1989). Applied geostatistics.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Jeffries, R.L, Klein, D.R. & Shaver, G.R. (1994)
Vertebrate herbivores and Northern plant-communities: reciprocal
influences and responses. Oikos, 71, 193-206.
Jia, J.B., Niemela, P., Rousi, M. & Harkonen, S.
(1997) Selective browsing of moose (Alces alces) on birch
(Betula pendula) clones. Scandinavian journal of forest research,
12, 33-40.
Jones, C.J., lawton, J.H. & Shachak, M. (1997)
Positive and negative effects of organisms as physical ecosystem
engineers. Ecology, 78, 1946-1947.
Jonsson et al 1999
Karhu, A., Hurme, P., Karjalainen, M., Karvonen, P., Kärkkäinen,
K., Neale, D. B. & Savolainen, O. (1996) Do molecular
markers predict patterns of adaptive variation? Theoretical
and Applied Genetics, 93, 215-221.
Karp, A., Isaac, P.G. & Ingram, D.S. (1998) Molecular
tools for screening biodiversity: plants and animals. London:
Chapman and Hall.
Kinloch, B.B., Westfall, R.D. & Forrest, G.I. (1986)
Caledonian Scots Pine: origins and genetic structure. New
Phytologist, 104, 703-729.
Knops, J.M.H., Tilman, D., Haddad, N.M., Naeem, S., Mitchell,
C.E., Haarstad, J., Ritchie, M.E., Howe, K.M., Reich, P.B.,
Siemann, E. & Groth, J. (1999) Effects of plant species
richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances
and diversity. Ecology letters, 2, 286-293.
Knowles, R. (2000) Factors affecting the localization
of transformations of nitrogen and methane in soils. Pp9-15.
In: Microbial Biosystems:New Frontiers. Proceedings of the
8th International Society on Microbial Ecology. Eds. C.R.
Bell, M. Brylinski, & P. Johnson-Green, Atlantic Canada
Society for Microbial Ecology.
Langenheim, J.H. (1994) Higher plant terpenoids; A
phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. Journal of
Chemical Ecology, 20, 1223-1280.
Langenhein, J.H. & Stubbeline, W.H. (1983) Variation
in resin composition between parent tree and progeny in Hymenaea;
implications for herbivory in the humid tropics. Biochemical
systematics and ecology, 11, 97-106.
Moran, V.C. and Southwood, T.R.E. (1982). The guild
composition of arthropod communities in trees. Journal of
Animal Ecology 51, 289-306.
Muzika, R.M., Pregitzer, K.S. & Hanover, J.W. (1989)
Changes in terpene production following nitrogen fertilization
of Grand fir seedlings. Oecologia, 80, 845-849.
New, T.R. (1998). Invertebrate surveys for conservation.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Nilsson, M.-C., Wardle, D.A. & Dahlberg, A. (1999)
Effects of plant litter species composition and diversity
on the boreal forest plant-soil system. Oikos, 86, 16-26.
Northup, R.R., Yu, Z.S., Dahlgren, R.A., & Vogt, K.A.
(1995) Polyphenol control of nitrogen release from pine litter,
Nature, 377, 227-229.
Ostfeld, R.S., Manson, R.H. & Canham, C.D. (1997)
Effects of rodents on survival of tree seeds and seedlings
invading old fields. Ecology, 78, 1531-1542.
Pastor ,J., Naiman, R.J., Dewey, B. & McInnes, P.
(1988) Moose, microbes and the boreal forest. Bioscience,
38, 770-777.
Pastor, J. & Naiman R.J 1992. Selective foraging
and ecosystem processes in boreal forests American naturalist
139, 690-705.
Peterken, G.F., Baldock, D. & Hampson, A. (1995)
A forest habitat network for Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage
research Survey and Monitoring Report no. 44. SNH, Battleby,
Perth.
Peterken, G.F. (2000) Rebuilding networks of forest
habitats in lowland England. Landscape Research 25, 291-303.
Pigott, C.D. (1985) Selective damage to tree seedlings
by bank voles. Oecologia, 67, 367-371.
Provan, J., Soranzo, N., Wilson, J., McNicol, J.W., Forrest,
G.I., Cottrell, J. & Powell, W. (1998) Gene-pool variation
in Caledonian and European Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
revealed by chloroplast simple-sequence repeats. Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London, B265, 1697-1705.
Pulliam, H.R. & Danielson, B.J. (1991) Sources,
sinks and habitat selection: a landscape perspective on population
dynamic American Naturalist 137, 50-66.
Purvis, A. & Hector, A. (2000) Getting the measure
of biodiversity. Nature, 405, 212-219.
Ratcliffe, P.R., Peterken, G.F., & Hampson, A.
(1998) A forest habitat network for the Cairngorms. Scottish
Natural Heritage research Survey and Monitoring Report no.
114. SNH, Battleby, Perth.
Reader, R.J. (1997) Potential effects of granivores
on old field succession. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75, 2224-2227.
Rosenthal, G.A. & Janzen, D. (1979) Herbivores:
their interaction with plant secondary metabolites. Academic
press, New York.
Rousi, M. (1983) Silva Fennica, 17, 301-
Rousi, M., Tahvanainen, J., Henttonen, H., Herms, D.A.,
Uotila, I. (1997) Clonal variation in susceptibility of
white birches (Betula spp.) to mammalian and insect herbivores.
Forest Science, 42, 396-402.
Schimmel J and Granström A. (1996). Fire severity
and vegetation response in the Boreal Swedish forest. Ecology,
77, 1436-1450.
Sinclair, W.T., Morman, J.D. & Ennos, R.A. (1998)
Multiple origins for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland:
evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation. Heredity, 80, 233-240.
Sinclair, W.T., Morman, J.D. & Ennos, R.A. (1999)
The post-glacial history of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
in Western Europe: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation.
Molecular Ecology, 8, 83-80.
Southwood, T.R.E. (1978). Ecological Methods. 2nd Edition.
Chapman and Hall, London.
Speight, M.R. & Wainhouse, D. 1989. Ecology and
management of forest insects. Clarendon, Oxford.
Tilman, D. (2000) Causes, consequences and ethics of
biodiversity. Nature, 405, 208-211.
Trewhella, K.E., Leather S.R. & Day, K.R. (1997)
Insect induced resistance in Lodgepole pine: effects on two
pine feeding insects. Journal of applied entomology-Zeitschrift
fur angewandte entomologie, 121, 129-136.
Turnbull, L.A., Crawley, M.J. & Rees, M. (2000)
Are plant populations seed-limited? A review of seed sowing
experiments. Oikos, 88, 225-238.
Van der Heijden, M.G.A., Klironomos, J.N., Ursic, M., Moutoglis,
P., Streitwolf-Engel, R., Boller, T., Wiemken A. & Sanders,
I.R. (1998) Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant
biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature,
396, 69-72.
Wardle, D.A., Nilsson, M.C., Gallet, C., & Zackrisson,
O. (1998) An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy,
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
73, 305-319
Watling, R. (1992) Macrofungi associated with British
willows. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 98B,
135-147.
White, C.S. (1994) Monoterpenes: their effects on ecosystem
nutrient recycling. Journal of chemical ecology, 20, 1381-1406.
Watt, A.D., Leather, S.R. & Evans, H.F. (1991)
Outbreaks of the pine beauty moth on pine in Scotland: influence
of host plant species and site factors. Forest Ecology and
Management 39, 211-221.
Woodland Trust (2000) Woodland biodiversity: expanding
our horizons. The Woodland Trust, Grantham, Lincolnshire.
Yazdani, R & Lebreton P (1991) Inheritance pattern
of the flavonic compounds in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris
L). Silvae genetica, , 40, 57-59
Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M.-C., Dahlberg, A. & Jäderlund,
A. (1997) Interference mechanisms in conifer-Ericaceae-feathermoss
communities. Oikos, 78, 209-220.
Zambino, P.J. & Szabo, L.J. (1993) Phylogenetic
relationships of selected cereal and grass rusts based on
rDNA sequence analysis. Mycologia, 85, 401-414.
|