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Mrs Carol Kyle

Carol is a research assistant at Macaulay Institute working, primarily, on endocrine disrupting compounds. Previously, she has worked on nutrition and reproduction in pigs, sheep and red deer, dairy goats and camelids and fibre production in cashmere goats.

She is also involved in the breeding programme for a flock of sheep in which a high proportion of the animals carry the Thoka gene for fecundity and is working in collaboration with others to identify the locus of the gene.

Research Interests

Factors affecting exposure to, tissue accumulation of, and effects of endocrine disrupting compounds of different classes in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Journal, Refereed paper | Conference paper | Conference poster/ abstract |  

Journal, Refereed paper

  • Maternal and fetal tissue accumulation of selected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) following exposure to sewage sludge-treated pastures before or after conception., Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Mackie, C.; McDonald, L.; Zhang, Z.; Duff, E.I.; Bellingham, M.; Amezaga, M.R.; Mandon-Pepin, B.; Loup, B.; Cotinot, C.; Evans, N.P.; Sharpe, R.M.; Fowler, P.A., (In press) Journal of Environmental Monitoring.
  • Effects of nutrition on hormone profiles and patterns of deiodinase activity in the skin and associated patterns of hair follicle activity and moult in cashmere goats., Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Riach, D.J.; Duff, E.I., (2006) Animal Science, 82, 723-730.
  • Hypothalamic responses to peripheral glucose infusion in food-restricted sheep are influenced by photoperiod., Archer, Z.A., Rhind, S.M., Findlay, P.A., Kyle, C.E., Barber, M.C. and Adam, C.L., (2005) Journal of Endocrinology, 184, 515-525.
  • Impact of maternal undernutrition and fetal number on glucocorticoid growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA abundance in the ovine fetal kidney., Brennan, K., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Olson, D.M., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2005) Reproduction, 129, 151-159.
  • Cellular and hormonal disruption of fetal testis development in sheep reared on pasturetreated with sewage sludge., Paul, C., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Scott, H., McKinnell, C. and Sharpe, R.M., (2005) Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1580-1587.
  • Accumulation of heavy metals in the liver tissue of sheep grazed on sewage sludge-treated pastures., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E. and Owen, J., (2005) Animal Science, 81, 107-113.
  • Alkyl phenols and diethylhexyl phthalate in tissues of sheep grazing pastures fertilized with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer., Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Telfer, G.; Duff, E.I.; Smith, A., (2005) Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 447-453.
  • Programming of adult cardiovascular function after early maternal undernutrition in sheep., Gopalakrishnan, G., Gardner, D.S., Rhind, S.M., Rae, M.T., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Walker, R.M., Ramsay, M.M., Keisler, D.H., Stephenson, T., and Symonds, M.E., (2004) American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 287, R12-R20.
  • Effects of season and of manipulation of circulating prolactin concentrations on deiodinase activity in cashmere goat skin., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E. and Duff, E., (2004) Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 55, 211-221.
  • Skin deiodinase profiles and associated patterns of hair follicle activity in cashmere goats of contrasting genotypes., Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E., (2004) Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 55, 443-448.
  • Contrasting effects of different levels of food intake and adiposity on LH secretion and hypothalamic gene expression in sheep., Archer, Z.A., Rhind, S.M., Findlay, P.A., Kyle, C.E.K., Thomas, L., Marie, M. and Adam, C., (2002) Journal of Endocrinology, 175, 383-393.
  • The effects of undernutrition, in utero, on reproductive function in adult male and female sheep., Rae, M.T., Kyle, C.E., Miller, D.W., Hammond, A.J., Brooks, A.N. and Rhind, S.M., (2002) Animal Reproduction Science, 72, 63-71.
  • Effect of maternal undernutrition on fetal testicular steroidogenesis during the CNS androgen-responsive period in male sheep fetuses., Rae, M.T., Rhind, S.M., Fowler, P.A., Miller, D.W., Kyle, C.E. and Brooks, A.N., (2002) Reproduction, 124, 33-39.
  • Maternal undernutrition alters triiodothyronine concentrations and pituitary response to GnRH in fetal sheep., Rae, M.T., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Miller, D.W. and Brooks, A.N., (2002) Journal of Endocrinology, 173, 449-455.
  • Phthalate and alkyl phenol concentrations in soil following applications of inorganic fertiliser or sewage sludge to pasture and potential rates of ingestion by grazing ruminants., Rhind, S.M., Smith, A., Kyle, C.E., Telfer, G., Martin, G., Duff, E. and Mayes, R.W., (2002) Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4, 142-148.
  • Effect of maternal undernutrition during pregnancy on early ovarian development and subsequent follicular development in sheep fetuses., Rae, M.T., Palassio, S., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Lea, R.G., Miller, D.W. and Rhind, S.M. Lea, R.G., Andrade, L.P., Rae, M.T., Hannah, L.T., Kyle, C.E., Rhind, S.M. and Miller, D.W, (2001) Reproduction, 122, 915-922.
  • Effect of long-term feed restriction on seasonal endocrine changes in Soay sheep., Rhind, S.M., McMillen, S.R., Duff, E., Kyle, C.E. and Wright, S., (2000) Physiology and Behaviour, 71, 343-351.

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Conference papers

  • Contrasting hypothalamine responses to increased adiposity and food intake in sheep., Archer, Z.R., Rhind, S.M., Findlay, P.A., Kyle, C.E., Thomas, L. and Adam, C.L., (2001) 11th European Congress on Obesity, Vienna, May 2001.

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Conference poster/abstract

  • PCB and PBDE accumulation in adult and fetal sheep grazing sludge treated pastures., Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Mackie, C.; Telfer, G., (In press) Proceedings of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
  • Tissue accumulation of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in ewes and fetuses following exposure to sewage sludge-treated pastures at different stages of gestation., Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Amezaga, M.R.; Mandon-Pepin, B.; Loup, B.; Cotinot, C.; Lea, R.; Sinclair, K.D.; Fowler, P.A., (2010) Proceedings of the Gordon Conference on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors, Les Diablerets, Switzerland 30th May - 4th June 2010.
  • Maternal dietary exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals affects foetal somatostatin receptor mrna expression in the ovine hypothalamus and pituitary., Bellingham, M.; Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Hastie, P.M.; Whitelaw, C.M.; Evans, N.P., (2007) Proceedings of the British Society for Neuroendocrinology, Nottingham, 10-11 September 2007.
  • Expression of the mrnas for galanin and its receptors is suppressed by exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds during ovine foetal development., Whitelaw, C.M.; Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Evans, N.P., (2007) Proceedings of the British Society for Neuroendocrinology, Nottingham, 10-11 September 2007.
  • The ovine acute phase response to vaccination in relation to nutrition during gestation., Eckersall, P.D.; Lawson, F.; Kyle, C.E.; Waterston, M.; Campbell, F.; Rhind, S.M., (2006) European Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8th Annual Congress, Cambridge, 5-8 September 2006. Abstract.
  • Patterns of accumulation of phthalate and alkyl phenol in the milk of ewes grazing pastures treated with sewage sludge or inorganic fertiliser., Rhind, S.M.; Kyle, C.E.; Mackie, C.; Telfer, G., (2006) Proceedings of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16th Annual Meeting, The Hague, The Netherlands, 7-11 May 2006. p197.
  • Androgens and oestrogens in male reproductive development and the potential impact of endocrine modulators., Sharpe, R.M., Rhind, S., Kyle, C., McKinnell, C., Scott, H., Atanassova, N., Hallmark, N., and Mahood, I.K., (2005) Toxicology, 213, p221. Abstract.
  • Maternal nutrientrestriction impairs expression of the GH-IGF axis in twin ovine fetal kidneys., Brennan, K., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2004) Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, 11(Suppl. 2.) p493.
  • Twin ovine fetuses show reduced renal expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR), insulin like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and IGF-II receptor following maternal nutrient restriction., Brennan, K., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2004) Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, 11(Suppl. 2.) p832.
  • Effect of maternal undernutrition during early-mid gestation on blood pressure control in the resulting offspring as adults., Gopalakreshnan, G.S., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Rae, M.T., Brooks, A. N., Walker, R.M., Ramsay, M.M., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2004) Journal of the Society for Gynaecological Investigation, 11(Suppl. S.) p109.
  • Effect of maternal undernutrition during early-mid gestation on plasma leptin sensitivity in the resulting offspring as adults., Gopalakreshnan, G.S., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Rae, M.T., Brooks, A.N., Keisler, D., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2004) Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, 11, (Suppl. S.), pp110.
  • The effect of maternal nutrient restriction during early to mid-gestation on the enzyme activity of 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11bHSD2) in sheep kidneys of 3 year old offspring., Passingham, L., Kurlak, L.O., Gopalakrishnan, G.S., Budge, H., Rhind, S.M., Rae, M.T., Kyle, C.E., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2004) Early Human Development, 78, 145-146.
  • Upregulation of mcl-1 and bax in the fetal ovary of undernourished pregnant ewes., Pinto de Andrade, L., Miller, D.W., Rae, M.T., Rhind, S.M., Hannah, L., Kyle, C.E. and Lea, R., (2004) Proceedings of the National Ovarian Workshop, Edinburgh, April 2004.
  • Maternal nutrient restriction during early to mid gestation alters insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) mRNA abundance independent of alterations in growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNA abundance in the ovine fetal kidney., Brennan, K., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, London, July 2003.
  • The timing of maternal nutrient restriction up to 110 days gestation and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) mRNA abundance in the ovine fetal kidney., Brennan, K., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T., Olsen, D. and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Early Human Development, 73, 111-123. Abstract.
  • Impact of maternal nutrient restriction in early to mid gestation on fetal kidney weight and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA abundance., Brennan, K., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T., Olson, D.M., and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Pediatric Research, 53, 6, 47A (Proceedings of meeting on Foetal Origins of Adult Disease, Brighton).
  • Impact of maternal restriction in early to mid gestation on fetal kidney shape and insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA abundance., Brennan, K., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T., Olson, D.M., and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Pediatric Research, 53, 6. 15A (Proceedings of meeting on Foetal Origins of Adult Disease, Brighton).
  • Impact of maternal nutrient restriction in early to mid gestation on insulin-like growth factor-2(IGF-2) receptor mRNA abundance in the 110 day gestation ovine placenta., Gopalakreshnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Bispham, J., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Journal of Physiology, 547P, C61. (Proceedings Physiological Society, University College, London, December 2002.)
  • Effect of maternal nutrient restriction in early to mid gestation on blood pressure control at two years of age in the resulting offspring in sheep., Gopalakreshnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Walker, R.M., Ramsay, M.M., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, London, July 2003.
  • Maternal nutrient restriction between early to mid gestation reprogrammes blood pressure control and sensitivity at two years of age in the resulting offspring in sheep., Gopalakreshnan, G.S., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A. N., Walker, R.M., Ramsay, M.M., Symonds, M.E. and Stephenson, T., (2003) Fetal and Neonatal Physiological Society, Canada, July 2003.
  • Effect of maternal nutrient restriction in early to mid gestation on liver growth and mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) abundance at two years of age in the sheep., Hyatt, M.A., Gopalahrishnan, G., Mostyn, A., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T., Walker, D. and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Journal of the Society for Gynaecological Investigation, 10 (Suppl.) 231A.
  • Effect of maternal nutrient restriction up to 95 days gestation on liver development and growth hormone receptor abundance in the adult offspring., Hyatt, M.A., Gopalakrishnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T., Walker, D. and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Proceedings of the Neonatal Society, 2003.
  • Maternal nutrient restriction between early and mid gestation reduces mitochondrial cytochrome c abundance in the kidney of the resulting offspring at two years of age., Yakubu, D., Gopalakrishnan, G., Mostyn, A., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2003) Proceedings of Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, York.
  • Effects of maternal nutrient restriction from early to mid gestation on blood pressure control at two years of age., Gopalakreshnan, G.S., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Brooks, A.N., Rae, M.T., Walker, R.M., Ramsay, M.M., Stephenson, T. and Symonds, M.E., (2002) Journal of the Fetal and Neonatal Physiological Society, 29th Meeting Prague, p104.
  • Effect of maternal nutrient restriction at defined periods in early to mid gestation on placento-fetal, kidney and adipose tissue weights at 110 days gestation in sheep., Gopalakreshnan, G., Rhind, S.M., Stephenson, T., Kyle, C.E., Rae, M.T., Brooks, A.N. and Symonds, M.E., (2001) Early Human Development 63, 58-59. (Proceedings of the Neonatal Society, London, 2nd November 2000).
  • Bioaccumulation of the endocrine disrupting compound, dioctyl phthalate in sheep grazing pasture treated with sewage sludge or inorganic fertiliser., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Sim, G., Martin, G. and Smith, A., (2001) British Society of Animal Science, Annual Meeting, York, April 2001. CD ROM.
  • Effects of body condition and increased level of food intake on LH secretion and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) NPY, AgRp, ObRb, and POMC gene expression in castrate male sheep., Archer, Z.A., Rhind, S.M., Findlay, P.A., Kyle, C.E. and Adam, C.L., (2000) Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Abstract Series, No.25, p23.
  • The effect of peripheral glucose infusion on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRp) leptin receptor (ObRb) and insulin receptor (IR) gene expression in castrate male sheep., Archer, Z.A., Rhind, S.M., Findlay, P.A., Kyle, C.E. and Adam, C.L., (2000) British Neuroendocrine Group Annual Meeting, Bristol, 10-12 September 2000.
  • Effects of maternal undernutrition during early pregnancy on fetal gonad development., Rae, M.T., Brooks, A.N., Kyle, C.E., Fowler, P.A., Miller, D.W., Lea, R.G. and Rhind, S.M., (2000) Proceedings of BSAS Occasional Meeting 2000 - Early Regulation of Mammalian Development, Ardoe House, Aberdeen, 18-20 September 2000.
  • Effects of maternal undernutrition during early pregnancy on fetal ovarian development in sheep., Rae, M.T., Brooks, A.N., Kyle, C.E., Lea, R.G. and Rhind, S.M., (2000) Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Abstract Series, No.26, pp15-16.
  • Maternal undernutrition during early pregnancy up-regulates fetal testicular steroidogenesis in sheep., Rae, M.T., Rhind, S.M., Kyle, C.E., Fowler, P.A., Miller, D.W. and Brooks, A.N., (2000) Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Abstract Series, No.25, p38.